![]() ![]() This means that more postpartum women who have experienced psychological trauma are not reaching the threshold of PTSD and are therefore unidentified, but they are struggling with the trauma. A meta-analysis suggested that 4% of postpartum women in community samples developed PTSD following a traumatic birth experience, compared with 18.5% in high-risk samples (such as women with complications of pregnancy or childbirth) ( Yildiz et al., 2017). These symptoms can appear directly after experiencing a traumatic event, but can also occur later in life ( American Psychiatric Association, 2000). According to DSM-IV criteria, PTSD is categorized as a disorder related to trauma and stress, which is mainly manifested in four symptom clusters: re-experience, avoidance, hyperarousal, and negative cognition and mood, and these symptoms should exist for more than a month ( American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The further impact of psychological birth trauma is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ( Taghizadeh et al., 2013 Türkmen et al., 2020 McKelvin et al., 2021), a widely known term. These impacts appear to be centered on the poor mental health of women themselves ( Beck, 2006 Taghizadeh et al., 2013), and then expand like ripples, affecting mother-infant relationships ( Taghizadeh et al., 2013 Beck and Watson, 2019), breastfeeding behavior ( Beck and Watson, 2008 Fenech and Thomson, 2014), marital relationships ( Taghizadeh et al., 2013 Fenech and Thomson, 2014), and future reproductive decisions ( Gottvall and Waldenström, 2002 Taghizadeh et al., 2013 Holopainen et al., 2020), etc. Professor Beck used the word “ripple effect” to describe the negative impacts of psychological birth trauma ( Beck, 2015). Studies indicated that the incidence of traumatic birth ranges from 20 to 68.6 percent in different countries ( Uotila et al., 2005 Türkmen et al., 2020 Bay and Sayiner, 2021). Negative birth experiences can even cause terrible psychological trauma to women ( Fenech and Thomson, 2015 Shorey and Wong, 2022). Not only does it involve huge physical changes, but it is also accompanied by significant psychological fluctuations ( Fenech and Thomson, 2015 Shorey and Wong, 2022). Further research is needed to update and refine this concept.Ĭhildbirth, a major event in a woman’s life, is of a profound and complex nature ( Shorey and Wong, 2022). ![]() This study deepens the understanding of psychological birth trauma through a comprehensive concept analysis and also puts forward some suggestions for the prevention, identification, and intervention of psychological birth trauma, which provides a basis for assisting in the identification of psychological birth trauma and provides a reference for the development of rigorous assessment tools and the design of appropriate interventions in the future. Consequences were identified as negative and positive.Ĭonclusion: Psychological birth trauma is a more complex and comprehensive concept than previously thought, and should be regarded as a separate postpartum mental health problem. Antecedents were divided into two groups: pre-existing antecedents and birth-related antecedents. The attributes identified were (1) women’s subjective feelings, (2) intertwined painful emotional experiences, (3) originating in the birth process, and (4) lasting until postpartum. Results: Of the 5,372 studies identified, 44 ultimately met the inclusion criteria. Method: Eight databases (PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform, and Chinese BioMedicine Literature Database) were searched from inception to July 2022 for studies focused on psychological birth trauma. 3School of Nursing, Suzhou University, Jiangsu, ChinaĪim: To define and analyze the concept of psychological birth trauma.ĭesign: The concept analysis method of Walker and Avant was used.2Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Jiangsu, China.1School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China.Xiaoqing Sun 1†, Xuemei Fan 2†, Shengnan Cong 2, Rui Wang 1, Lijuan Sha 1, Hongyan Xie 1, Jingjing Han 3, Zhu Zhu 2* and Aixia Zhang 2* ![]()
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